The Ultimate Flowchart to Using Apostrophes

Editing exercise

Another useful link from englishgrammar.org to improve your sentence formation and word use:

Editing Exercise

Sentence correction exercise

Another great post from englishgrammar.org to help you correct sentences:

Sentence Correction Exercise

Intermediate grammar exercise

Link from englishgrammar.org to test your English grammar:

Grammar Exercise (Intermediate Level)

12 Common Writing Mistakes Everyone Makes

Transition Words and Phrases

Having problems with using apostrophes?

Apostrophe Catastrophe? A Survival Guide

As a teacher that has taught writing to students all the way from elementary to college, nothing can give me more fits than apostrophes. Reading a student’s writing and seeing a misplaced apostrophe can get my blood boiling. I guess I get so worked up about it because we cover it quite a bit during the school year. All the students appear to master using apostrophes correctly when we are doing it together as a class. But once they are turned loose on their own, creating their own stories, the use of their apostrophes confounds me!

Placing apostrophes is not rocket science. There are only certain times when an apostrophe is needed. There are many adults on social media that apparently have no clue on how to use an apostrophe either. Their posts may say the most profound things I have ever read, but I totally ignore them and focus on the oblivious way they use their apostrophes. Let’s take a look when an apostrophe is needed and when one is not needed at all.

Apostrophes Showing Possession

Apostrophes can show that something belongs to someone or even something. Let’s look at a few examples below for singular nouns and names.

• The car’s door was dented on the side.
• Dusty’s clothes were much too small and tight.
• The dog’s food dish was almost empty.
• As he spoke, Dean’s arms flew around excitedly.

Those examples show a very common and simple way of using apostrophes correctly. Two of the sentences show people that own things, whether it be clothes or body parts. One sentence showed an animal owning a dish. The other sentence is written about something (a car) and how part of it is damaged. What do all of these things have in common? They are all nouns! The people are proper nouns since we are using their names. The car and dog are just ordinary nouns. But the apostrophe shows that they have ownership of other nouns! Everything involved is a noun!

Quite a few of my students become confused when a person’s name ends with an s. They try to just put the apostrophe right before that s and call it all good. Below are some examples of what should be done with names that end in s and are showing possession of something.

• Gus’s thumb was broken during the football game.
• Thomas’s son was tall and skinny just like he was.
• The boy joined Chris’s family for the camping trip.
• Cass’s hair was braided into lovely ponytails.

What do all those examples have in common again? They are all nouns showing possession of other nouns! More specifically, they are all singular nouns showing ownership. So far, using apostrophes is pretty simple! However, it is about to become a bit more difficult.

Plural nouns, as all of us know, just means that there is more than one of something. There are a few example sentences down below.

• The boys ran down to the creek to go swimming.
• When they got there, they noticed the creek was filled with frogs.
• The boys picked up the frogs and placed them in buckets.

Nothing too difficult so far. Everything bolded in those three sentences are plural nouns. Now let’s take a look at plural nouns that are also possessive, so an apostrophe will have to be used.

• The three girls’ lemonade stand was doing great business!
• All the families’ yards on our block was filled with debris from the tornado.
• The horses’ stables all had to be washed out and cleaned.

Notice how the word is still a plural noun, but since they are also showing possession of something, they are actually possessive plural nouns. When dealing with a plural noun that ends in s and that is showing ownership of something, all that needs to be done is placing an apostrophe after the s at the end of the word.

I know what you are saying though. You are thinking to yourself that not all plural nouns end in s, so what happens then. Where does the apostrophe end up going? Quickly look at the examples down below. It really is quite easy.

• The children’s dog ran out of the open gate.
• The women’s dresses were all the same color.
• The mice’s home was a hole in the wall.

Notice that first we made these words plural nouns that don’t end in s. We next had to figure out how to make them plural possessive nouns correctly. All that had to be done was to add an apostrophe and then an s to the words. There aren’t many words that are plural nouns that don’t end in s, but every now and then you will come across one. If you have have understood how to use an apostrophe right so far, give yourself a pat on the back. There is just a little more to learn about apostrophes. Can you think of any words that we have not covered that must use an apostrophe as well?

Contractions

I had my primary students one time do a quick Google search for contractions when they were struggling with the concept. They struggled a bit more when the top information that popped up was about women giving birth to babies. Not the information I was after. A contraction is also a word created by the shortening and combining of two other words. When making the contraction, an apostrophe has to be inserted to indicate there are missing letters. Below are some examples of contractions.

• did not becomes didn’t
• would not becomes wouldn’t
• I am becomes I’m
• he will become he’ll
• does not becomes doesn’t

As you will notice, usually the apostrophe is placed before the last letter. That is not quite always the case, but it is the majority of the time. The common exceptions are when the second word is either have or will.

• should have becomes should’ve
• she will becomes she’ll
• might have becomes might’ve

What the ????

I have saved the most confusing use of an apostrophe for last. It can make very intelligent adults look less than intelligent on their social media posts. It will have so many hands raised up in the air when presented to a primary classroom. “But I thought you said…” I know! I didn’t create the English language. I don’t understand it either.

Deciding when to use its or it’s is not too complicated once you hear the rules, but until then I have seen people choose heads or tails on which one they were going to go with.

Only use it’s when creating a contraction of it is or it has. Below are examples for a better understanding.

• It’s extremely cold out today.
• It’s time to go shopping since we are all out of food.

Use its the rest of the time when you are not forming a contraction by combining two words.

• The elephant swayed its trunk back and forth.
• The toy came with its own batteries.

You may look at that first sentence about the elephant and say that its trunk should be it’s trunk because it is showing ownership of the trunk. However, that is not the case. Remember, only use it’swhen you are combining it is or it has. I know, I know. I don’t make the rules, I just enforce them! Just by reading all of this you have become an apostrophe expert! It is up to you to educate others on the proper usage. Try not to lose any friends while doing so!

(taken from: https://wordcounter.net/blog/2017/10/10/103044_apostrophe-catastrophe.html)

Essential grammar rules

Prepositions in English (part 2)

Say goodbye to grammar mistakes

Click on the image above to see an infographic about grammar mistakes (and how to avoid them!)

Top 6 Common Comma Problems

General rules regarding prepositions

Prepositions are a nightmare for anyone who wants to learn English, but here are some general rules (taken from http://www.englishgrammar.org/general-rules-prepositions):

Use ‘in’ for countries and big towns.  She was born in New Zealand. I live in Mumbai.

Use ‘at’ for addresses. Are you still at that address?  We live at D 23, MG Road.

Use ‘in’ for position inside a three dimensional space. The cat is in the kitchen.

Use ‘on’ for position on the surface of something. There is something on the roof. Put the books on the table.

Use ‘to’ and ‘into’ to show direction. He went to work. The child fell into the well.

Use ‘till’ to indicate time. I waited till 6 o’clock.

Use ‘since’ to indicate the starting point of something. I have been waiting since morning.

Use ‘for’ to indicate duration. It rained for two hours. We have been living in this city for three years.

Use ‘from’ to indicate the source. She comes from a small town.

Use ‘to’ to indicate the destination. He went to America.

Use ‘between’ to indicate position between two or more clearly defined people or objects. The child sat between his father and parents.

Use ‘among’ to indicate position among more than two people or objects. She sat among the children.

Use ‘with’ to indicate the instrument and ‘by’ to indicate the agent. He killed the spider with a stone. The spider was killed by the boy.

Use ‘beside’ to mean ‘by the side of’. The boy sat beside his mother.

Check out conditionals!

Here's some explanation of the conditionals we use in English.  See how much you understand!  It's also been added to Daniel's Reference Pages.

Conditionals in English

0 Conditional = something which is generally true

If + simple present + simple present

e.g. If you heat butter, it melts.

 

1^st Conditional = possible

a) If + simple present + simple future

e.g. If you study hard, you will pass your exams.

b) Imperative + or/and + simple future

e.g. Finish your job and you will be happy.

c) Imperative + if/in case + simple present

e.g. Call them if you need any help.

 

2^nd Conditional = imagining, improbable or impossible

If + simple past + simple conditional

e.g. If I were (was) rich, I would buy a Ferrari.

 3^rd Conditional = past regrets

If + past perfect + conditional perfect

e.g. If I had eaten chocolate, I would have felt better.

 

Mixed Conditionals (2^nd + 3^rd )  = past & present situations together

If + simple past + conditional perfect (2^nd conditional for present + 3^rd conditional for past)

e.g. If tickets weren’t so expensive, I would have gone to the cinema last night.

 

If + past perfect + simple conditional (3^rd conditional for past + 2^nd conditional for present)

e.g. If James hadn’t fallen off his bike, he would be champion now.

How to write an essay

New link!

A great new website that I have come across is the following:

 

AutoEnglish.org

 

It's got plenty of interactive quizzes and YouTube videos, as well as useful advice for FCE and PET exams.

 

Go and check it out! 

Useful reference for difficult English language questions

Whilst checking a student's writing, I was intrigued to find out whether grammatically it would be better to say:

1. "Simple ideas can be sometimes the best" or
2. "Simple ideas can sometimes be the best"

As we know, adverbs of frequency come before the main verb, but after the verb 'be' and the auxiliary verb.

As such, in this situation, the correct answer would be: 2. "Simple ideas can sometimes be the best"

However, 'sometimes' can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence, meaning that we could equally write: "Sometimes simple ideas can be the best".

The moral of the story then is that English does not always have a set order in how its sentences are written!

Check out the following webpage for more information:
http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/247921/would-i-say-i-can-sometimes-or-i-sometimes-can

Adverbs and their usage...

What are adverbs I hear you say?

Simply said, they are words which modify verbs, which means they are "added" to verbs: add + verb = adverb! 

  

Check out the following website to learn more and understand the difference between Adverbs of Degree, Frequency, Manner, Place and Time:

 

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adverbs.htm

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